Australia For Convicts During The British Domain History Essay

Australia For Convicts During The British Domain History Essay Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it occupies the major part of Oceania. Now it is a powerful and very developed country, with a position at the top of all the standards of life conditions, life expectancy, economy and in all the social aspects. But back in time, before Australia started as a great power in the world, it was under the Great Britain domain. This is because Australia was first discovered and conquered by the British captain James Cook in 1770, and it automatically passed to hands of the British Government. The purpose of this research paper is to show the importance and influence that had in the development of the country convicts being there during this period, when they impulsed both the economy and the population in the Colony, making it a very important part of territory for the British Kingdom. First the country will be studied before it was discovered by the English, and also in the expeditions made by the Dutch in the XVII Century. As an important fact, the James Cooks discovery will be mentioned and how it led to the British Conquest of the territory. After the conquest, will be treated the development in economical, social and political aspects of Australia as a part of the British Kingdom. At the end, the role of the convicts and how they played a very important part in the everyday life during this period will be treated, and how this helped to keep Australia and an economical active place for the Great Britain Government to have a benefit from the Colony. Its important to mention that this paper was made to highlight a fundamental fact that changed both countries, Australia and Great Britain, in their future as nations. Both were changed, one was conquered, but at the end the two nations obtained a great benefit from that period of time. Chapter I: Discovery of Australia and First Expeditions Here we will speak about the first expeditions and how the country was found by Europeans, and finally conquered to end up as a Colony from the Great Britain Empire by James Cook. The Dutch discoveries: Australia long before it was discovered by the English was inhabited by natives that came from Asia and had been there for over 40, 000 years. But it was until 1606 when Australia was first sighed by the Dutchman William Janszoon. He was the captain of the Duyfken, a Dutch ship, and he called the new land Terra Australis Incognita, meaning Unknown Southern Land. Between 1606 and 1770, an estimated 54 European ships from a range of nations made contact. Many of these were merchant ships from the Dutch East Indies Company and included the ships of Abel Tasman. Tasman charted parts of the north, west and south coasts of Australia which was then known as New Holland. James Cook and the British Conquest. James Cook was an Englishman, captain and navigator that discovered first for Great Britain the coast of Botany Bay in Australia, near what we now know as Sydney. This discovery was made in his ship called the Endeavour. So, when he arrived to this coast he claimed that land part of the Grate Britain Kingdom, under the name of King George III, during 22 August, 1770. And to this land he called New South Wales, a part that is still now called like that in the eastern part of the mainland. Chapter II: The development of the Colony In this chapter will be explained the history of the country during the period of the Conquest. First, the history in years and facts about the Colony, and then the convicts, how they worked, why they were taken there and which were their life conditions living in Australia. From 1770 to 1850 On 18 January 1788 the First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay, which Joseph Banks had declared suitable for a penal colony after he returned from a journey there in 1770. So, here we can figure out how the development went after the Colony was discovered and declared, and, for Great Britain to end up with the overpopulation in the convict system and the new territory, that was vast, big and suitable to be populated. Then, the establishment changed place from Botany Bay to Port Jackson in 1788. Port Jackson is now one of the most important ports in the greatest city in the country, Sydney. On Sydney Cove, there was raised first the flag of the British Empire in 26 January 1788. During the first years the fleets of convicts arrived and arrived to Australia, and until 1868, 162000 convicts were transported to the island. As the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts explains in its article: When the last shipment of convicts disembarked in Western Australia in 1868, the total number of transported convicts stood at around 162,000 men and women. They were transported here on 806 ships. The transportation of convicts to Australia ended at a time when the colonies population stood at around one million, compared to 30,000 in 1821. By the mid-1800s there were enough people here to take on the work, and enough people who needed the work. The colonies could therefore sustain themselves and continue to grow. The convicts had served their purpose. So we can see that the Colony had in great part convicts, the ones that were transported to do the hard work and start the development in the Colony, by creating all the infrastructure and industry that the Colony needed to perform a place like giving Great Britain the support and help to perform the trips from the Dominant Power to the Colony. Characteristics of the Australian Life As we can see in the letter written by Watkin Tench when he was in the Sydney Cove, there are pretty specific characteristics given during the Conquest, in the conditions of the inhabitants: The nautical part of the work is comprized in as few pages as possible. By the professional part of my readers this will be deemed judicious; and the rest will not, I believe, be dissatisfied at its brevity. I beg leave, however, to say of the astronomical calculations, that they may be depended on with the greatest degree of security, as they were communicated by an officer, who was furnished with instruments, and commissioned by the Board of Longitude, to make observations during the voyage, and in the southern hemisphere. There was knowledge of every kind back there; the Colony had knowledge in astronomy, Aeronautics, and all the areas of knowledge. But also there is a testimony of the Convicts, especially one that wrote this: We have to work from 14-18 hours a day, sometimes up to our knees in cold water, til we are ready to sink with fatigue The inhuman driver struck one, John Smith with a heavy thong. Here we can see the enormous differences between the two extreme poles of the society. The first testimony is from a captain that arrives to the Colony and performs the writing about the aspects of sciences and technological knowledge, meanwhile the second one is from one Convict that its practically treated like a slave, and they were forced to work (as said in the quote) from 14 to 18 hours a day, from sun to sun, in impoverished conditions. Chapter III. Role of the Convicts in the Life of Australia In this final chapter the life in Australia as a Convict Colony will be explained, from the way they lived until the deep changes they caused in the natural land that existed before their arrival. And also here will be discussed their benefits through the Colony as a whole, pushing it to be one of the most important, just behind India during that period of colonization from the Great Britain Empire Life Conditions As we saw in the second chapter, life conditions for convicts and non-convicts varied a lot during the colonisation. While one part of the population was concerned about science and technology developed there, the segregated ones were bad treated and practically slaves. We can see in this quote from Short Story of Australia there are several characteristics that were given according to the status people had in that place: Convicts were allowed to marry, and were in some instances assigned as servants to their own wives. In one notorious instance a convict transported for forgery was followed out from England by his own wife, who brought with her a considerable sum of money which the authorities had reason to believe represented the proceeds of robberies. She opened a shop in Sydney, and secured her own husband as her assigned servant. 70% of the convicts there were English and Welsh, 20% Irish and 5% Scottish, and the 6% remaining were from India, Canada, China and New Zealand. In that population there were also soldiers, who were being punished for crimes like insubordination or desertion. Governor Phillip, during his period in the Colonys Government, created this law that established that convicts were going to work according their skills, and will act as brick builders, carpenters, nurses, servants, cattlemen, shepherds and farmers. But if the convicts were educated they could get a job in an administrative organism, or work as record-keepers. If the convicts were woman, it was said that they were more useful as mother and housewives, so they took care of the children and from the houses. B. Convicts Contribution to the Colony The transportation of convicts to Australia ended at a time when the colonies population stood at around one million, compared to 30,000 in 1821. By the mid-1800s there were enough people here to take on the work, and enough people who needed the work. The colonies could therefore sustain themselves and continue to grow. The convicts had served their purpose. As expressed in this quote given by the Australian Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts, a great part of the development of the Colony was given because of the Convict Labour, and how the planners in Australia managed to create a country where the force was given that people that being trapped in prisons would be useless. When the convicts passed the million in number the transportation stopped and the prisoners were useless to the colonies, which were allowed to continue with their development as a colony, yes but with all the infrastructure and potential to become a great power when it obtained the freedom from the Great Britain Empire. Australia is now a country pretty developed, and that is classified as an industrialized and first world country. The transportation ended up to New South Wales (the most developed part of the Colony) in 1 October 1850, when it was abolished. The convicts had freedom after they accomplished their mission. Some of them went as far as New Zealand, because the freedom was restricted and they were not allowed to return to their home in Great Britain, but also a lot of them stayed there for a fresh start, and continued to work there, getting new jobs. Conclusion. The purpose of this research paper was to prove that Australia is a place built by people not necessarily with a good record through the justice, but also people that at the end accomplished their job, to create a great nation and let it walk with its own feet. However, we can discuss and ask ourselves: Was all the conditions that were developed in the colony were appropriate or even worth at the end? We can say that it was necessary for the convicts to suffer a punishment, but we have to consider if that was the right one, or if the government was being cruel with them, treating them like slaves, with no rights and also with very poor life conditions.

Fast Food Should Not Be Sold in Schools

Byamba Mr. Cahill ENG 101 STLCC 11 October 2012 Fast food should not be sold in schools Fast food is a breakfast, lunch or dinner choice for many people on a daily basis. It is used as an option to save time, or to satisfy taste and portions. But, what about the health consequences? People know that fast food is not synonymous with healthy living, but many forget this thought process when they are at the counter. Unfortunately, eating fast food on a daily basis does have an adverse effect on children’s health, such as obesity and lack of nutrients.Therefore, fast food should not be sold in schools. Obesity surpasses smoking in healthcare costs and impact on chronic illness and is on the rise in every country in the world. It is spurred on by thousands of years of evolution that have crafted humans into beings that seek out sugar, fat and calories and is caused by a toxic food environment that offers up food as never before. The most startling victims are children. The food ind ustry is granted free and free access to children.Every day, one-third of American children and youth eat fast food, and it contributes to close to one-fifth of their entire diets, according to research reported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation website. An article in Rolling Stone magazine states that 96 % of U. S. schoolchildren can identify Ronald McDonald; topped only by Santa Claus who is more widely recognized. This familiarity represents just how ingrained fast food is in the U. S. psyche. Early concern about childhood obesity centered on its role in the predicting adult obesity and hence adult diseases.The author of a book â€Å"Food fight† said seventy percent of obese children become obese adult; obesity in children is related to risk for disease as much as fifty years later. He also mentions that clustering of risk factors for heart disease known as insulin resistance syndrome, now identified in children as young as five years old. Children may be at risk for h igh blood pressure when eating salty junk food such as potato chips, French fries, pretzels, pizza and burritos. Junk food can lead to nutritional deficiencies when children eat it.Fast-food menus are big on too much protein, fat, sodium and sugar, which displace many of the beneficial nutrients that children need for health every day, including fiber. Dietary fiber is found in fruits, vegetables and grains, with only small amounts retained in refined grains, or white rice and white flour. Burgers, sandwiches, and breading for fried food incorporate refined white flour buns, rolls and bread crumbs. French-fried potatoes provide adequate fiber but too much fat and sodium. Common vegetable ingredients such as tomatoes and onions represent the low end of the fiber scale.Low fiber intake is linked with greater incidence of cancer, heart disease and constipation. In one sentence, eating fast food meals regularly may mean that you fail to meet your body's requirement of eating 2 to 2 1/2 cups of fruits and vegetables and 3 cups of dairy. Vegetables and fruits give you vitamins and minerals, while dairy provides you with calcium and protein. Some people think that there is nothing wrong with selling fast food in schools. They say it is convenient, cheap and tasty.Convenience foods, or foods that require no preparation or traditional cooking by busy mothers trying to juggle a full time job with looking after a family are equally as unhealthy and unwholesome as the burgers and pizzas you get from fast food outlets. Foods that are processed and made into what can best be described as ready meals often contain few in any nutritional ingredients. They are bulked out with pasta, breadcrumbs, corn flour, processed potato, processed egg and milk products as well as hydrogenated vegetable oil, saturated fats, gums, sugar substitutes etc. and then made to taste good by the addition of herbs and spices, salt, monosodium glutamate and sugars. They also contain artificial colours and preservatives as well as some artificial flavorings just to complete the unhealthy package. Some people may think the dollar menu is cheap, but it isn’t cheaper to eat highly processed food: a typical order for a family of four, for example, two Big Macs, a cheeseburger, six chicken McNuggets, two medium and two small fries, and two medium and two small sodas — costs about $28 at the McDonald’s.People can serve a roasted chicken with vegetables along with a simple salad and milk for about $14, and feed four people. If that’s too much money, substitute a meal of rice and canned beans with bacon, green peppers and onions; it’s easily enough for four people and costs about $9. In addition, eating fast food causes to increase obesity which leads to cost lots of money. Overweight individuals have 36 percent higher inpatient and outpatient and 77 percent higher medication costs. Food Fight, p45) It increases risk for many serious diseases, can be di sabling, and has a very negative impact on the quality of person’s life. Also, fast food is a waste of money because you are buying a lot of calories, fat and sodium but getting very little nutrition in return. Apparently some people get addicted to the taste of popular fast food because it contains just the right mixture of fat, sugar and salt to set off the pleasure chemicals in the brain.Experiments carried out on lab rats showed that when they were fed a diet that consisted of 25% sugar and then the sugar is removed, the rats become anxious, their teeth start to chatter and they suffer with the shakes – not unlike people going through a nicotine or morphine withdrawal. (The New York Times, 2011)The researchers also noticed long lasting changes in brain chemistry of rats fed with foods that had a combination of sweet, salt and fat in, which led them to conclude that there was a possibility that people too could see brain changes and become physically addicted to eat ing fast food.Another article on The Washington Post states that: â€Å"Highly palatable† foods — those containing fat, sugar and salt — stimulate the brain to release dopamine, the neurotransmitter associated with the pleasure center, he found. In time, the brain gets wired so that dopamine pathways light up at the mere suggestion of the food, such as driving past a fast-food restaurant, and the urge to eat the food grows insistent.Once the food is eaten, the brain releases opioids, which bring emotional relief. Together, dopamine and opioids create a pathway that can activate every time a person is reminded about the particular food. This happens regardless of whether the person is hungry. (The Washington Post, April 27, 2009) Eating fast food once in a while, that is once or twice a month won’t matter at all, but having a habit of eating this kind of food can lead to serious consequences.The absence of healthy food alternatives is one of the factors le ading to an alarming increase in childhood obesity rates across the United States. Schools would like to protect children instead must sell soft drinks and snack foods to function. For example, the cafeterias in the schools should offer to school children less bacon and more broccoli, fewer hot dogs and more whole grains, less ice cream and more fruits, less sodas and more water. This does not imply that children should never touch bacon, hot dogs, sodas, or ice cream, ut rather that changing the balance of some foods relative to others is a means of improving America’s health. Today, nearly one-third of children and teens are overweight or obese. Growing evidence suggests that strong, far-reaching changes—those that make healthy foods available in schools are working to reduce childhood obesity rates. Asking children to avoid fast food is like asking them to save money for retirement. Instead, we can balance it by limiting fast food consumption in schools.

Spiromery As A Tool Health And Social Care Essay

Chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) is a equivalent word that includes a mixture of diseased procedures, stand foring as a group of different diseases. ( emedicine. 2010 ) Clearly it can non be defined based on its symptoms as they are nonspecific. COPD can non be defined on pathologic alterations either, because this is non clinically executable. As a consequence to this deficiency of standardisation, COPD is normally diagnosed in advanced phases, largely in patients over 40 old ages, during which the disease have settled in topographic point. This is attributed to the limitation of activity associated with the status, which may even take to disablement and restriction of normal function at work and/or place. Consequently, the diagnosing of COPD can merely be confirmed through a standard method that is spirometry. Although spirometry stands as the corner rock for diagnosing of COPD and rating its badness, its usage is still underestimated in general pattern and merely a little sector of specializers rely on it. This is related to the contentions in sentiments refering the proper usage and cogency of spirometry as a showing took for thorax diseases, which has been raised and dropped in several literatures along the past decennaries ( Ferguson, 2000 ; McIvor, 2001 ) This research aims to derive a better apprehension of the result of using spirometry in testing for COPD and measure the betterment related to early diagnosing with spirometry in patients with COPD. In the 2nd subdivision writer will be explicating the current epidemiology, pathophysiology and direction modes available and their forecast based on multiple factors that can better their quality of life and societal engagement. And in conclusion qualitative and quantitative attacks of measuring will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision. This status presents with inordinate mucous secretion secernment with airway obstructor and noticeable hyperplasia of mucus-producing glands.iThe ensuing endothelial harm interferes with the mucociliary response that usually clears bacteriums and mucous secretion in the lungs. Inflammation of the walls and secernments in the lms provide the clogging constituent of chronic bronchitis.Emphysema can show at the same time to a variable grade but normally is limited to the centre of one lobe ( centrilobular ) . Consequently, airing perfusion mismatch occur as a consequence of reduced airing and increased cardiac end product. This in bend causes hypoxemia and polycythemia ( Deborah, 2009 ) . It is markedly characterized by devastation of the walls of air passages distal to the terminal bronchiole. The pathological procedure in emphysema comprises gradual devastation of alveolar septae and the pneumonic capillary bed, ensuing in lessened capacity to oxygenize blood. This pushes the organic structure to take down the cardiac end product and consequence in hyperventilation. Consequently a limited sum of blood flows through a comparatively good oxygenated lung with normal force per unit area and blood gases doing a airing perfusion mismatch, in contrast to what happens in chronic bronchitis. The remainder of the organic structure nevertheless suffers from hypoxia due to reduced cardiac end product ( Paul K, 2010 ) . This, in add-on to pneumonic cachexy, consequences in musculus cachexia and weight loss and marks the patients as â€Å" pink blowfishs. † COPD is considered top serious lung disease in the United States. Over the last few decennaries, increasing Numberss of Americans are enduring from COPD making about 10 and 14 million grownups ( CDC, 2010 ) . However, informations from the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveysishowed that about 24 million U.S. grownups have impaired lung capacities, which proves that COPD is under diagnosed. About 8 million physician office and infirmary outpatient visits were related to COPD with 1.5 million exigency section visits and 726,000 hospitalizations taking to about 119,000 deceases ( NCH, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Swadron & A ; Mandavia ( 2009 ) , Men were assumed to be more apt to hold COPD. About 5 % of all white American work forces have COPD, while merely 2 % of all adult females have the disease. However, with the increased rate of smoke among adult females over the last decennary, there is a significant addition in the decease rate ensuing from COPD in adult females, from 58.4/100,000 in 2000 to 65.2/100,000 in 2005 as stated by the American lung association ( ALA ) . The twelvemonth 2000 was recognized as the first clip the figure of adult females deceasing from COPD exceeds the figure of work forces. This tendency continues thenceforth ( Anthonisen, 2008 ; ALA, 2009 ) . The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society ( ATS, 2010 ) , ias good as the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines indicate that spirometry is the gilded criterion for diagnosing of COPD. These standardsiencourage executing spirometry in all individuals with a history of smoke and occupational exposure to pollution, subjects with positive household history of COPD, or in instances of chronic productive cough with dyspnoea. This is related to the fact that the aassessment of airway obstructor is the lone nonsubjective manner for the diagnosing and appraisal of chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . The clinical and pathological facets of COPD, in add-on to the demand for measuring and appraisal in these instances, were mentioned in the first subdivision. In the following subdivision, the writer will discourse the facets of the mini undertaking including methodological analysis, informations aggregation, analysis and consequences concluded. This undertaking was done at the School of Health, Community and Education Studies in Northumbria Universityis Coach Lane Campus in the Sports Gymnasium under the surveillance of Dr. John Stephens and Dr. Mike Parr who are the faculty leaders of the PL0733 i.e. , iMeasurement and Assessment in Physiotherapyi . 8 of the MSc Physiotherapy pupils participated in the research and carried out the spirometry proving successfully. The procedure started at 10 a.m. and finished at 12 midday. The purpose of this survey is to find the function of spirometry as a tool for measuring and appraisal of COPD instances. For this purpose quantitative attack was used as it suits the intent with its mensurating phenomena and positivism doctrine ( Creswell, 2003 ) . ICF will be used as a model to measure the values of the result adopted by the proposed research. During this research, the research worker relied on positive paradigm, as opposed to the phenomenological paradigm used in qualitative research which does non carry through the demands of the survey ( Glesne & A ; Peshkin 1992 ) . This explains the authoris pick of quantitative methodological analysis as the research did non take to develop theory but aimed to analyze the function of spirometry and compare research findings with the already established theory in the literature.

The Underlying Causes Of Sexual Behavior - 1404 Words

The underlying causes of out-of-control sexual behavior has led to contentious arguments, since the underlying causes of the behavior determine how it should be treated. This literature review looks at the possible causes of sexual dysfunction in the form of overactive sexual activities. Using internet search terms including sexual addiction, sexual dependency, and hypersexuality, information was gathered on historical and current viewpoints on the causes of such behavior to determine whether overactive sexual activity should be classified as an addiction. Factors including psychological issues, comorbidity issues, and social issues were examined. While there are limited studies that indicate that the brain of those who participate in risky sexual behavior respond in much the same way as those who experience drug addiction, there is strong evidence that these behaviors are brought about by underlying causes such as child sexual abuse and psychological disorders such as bi-polar disor der. Careful examination of the patient’s history should be conducted to determine if overactive sexual activity is due to an underlying condition. Determining the underlying causes of out-of-control sexual behavior is important in order to determine the best way to treat those suffering from its ill effects. In the past, this type of behavior was known as nymphomania and satyriasis. 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